Industry Resources, Links & Info

000BASE-T
1000 Megabits per Second, Baseband, Twisted Pair

100BASE-T
100 Megabits per second, Baseband, Twisted pair

100BASE-T2
100 Megabits per Second, Baseband, Two-pair Category 3 UTP cables

100BASE-T4
100 Megabits per Second, Baseband, Four-pair Category 3 UTP cables

100VG
100 Voice Grade (IEEE 802.12 AnyLAN Standard)

10BASE-T
10 Megabits per second, Baseband, Twisted pair

1FB
Single line, Flat Business rate

2G
Second-Generation mobile

2W
Two Wire

3G
Third-Generation mobile

3G HSPA
Third-Generation High-Speed Packet Access

3GIP
Third Generation Internet Protocol

3GPP
Third Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2
Third Generation Partnership Project 2

3GSM
Third-generation Global System for Mobile (communications)

3RNGR
Three Ringer

3WC
Three Way Calling

3WO
Third Wire Open

4G
Fourth-Generation mobile

4W
Four-Wire

4WA
Four Wire Analog

4WAI
Four-Wire Analog Interface

4WE&M
Four-Wire Ear and Mouth

5G
Fifth-Generation mobile

6G
Sixth-Generation mobile

802.11 HR
High data Rate IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN protocol

8PSK
8 Phase Shift Keying
A-GNSS
Assisted GNSS

A-GPS
Assisted GPS

AAA
Authentication, Authorization and Accounting

AAL
ATM Adaptation Layer

AAL5
ATM Adaptation Layer 5

AB
Access Burst

AbisPC
Abis Interface Port Control

AC
Alternating Current

ACCH
Associated Control CHannel

AECID
Adaptive Enhanced Cell Identity

Access Domain
A logical network handled by the OAM system and defined by the approved IPaddresses. One or more Access Domains makes up an EDA network, which is a switched Ethernet. An Access Domain is managed by one Collection Station.

Access Provider
The Access Provider owns the physical network, installs equipment and monitors network status and provides the basis for offering services to end-users.

Account Management
Account Management tracks usage of services in the network in order to handle billing or disable services for exceeded accounting limits. See also FCAPS.

ACD
Automatic Call Distribution, Typically used for a call center where a number of ACD agents answer incoming calls in the order they arrive in the queue.

ACS
Advanced Communication System

ADN
Additional Directory Number

ADPCM
Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation, a type of voice codec.

ADSL
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line

ADSL2+
Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line 2 Plus

AIS
Alarm Indication Signal

AEC
Acoustic Echo Cancellation

AES
128-BIT Advanced Encryption Standard

AFC
Automatic Frequency Correction

AGCH
Access Grant CHannel

AICP
A Interface Common Procedure

ALC
Automatic Level Control

ALM
Alarm

AMR
Adaptive Multi Rate

AMRFS
Adaptive Multi Rate Full Speed

AMRHS
Adaptive Multi Rate Half Speed

ANCD
Automatic Network Call Distribution, an ACD system which is distributed over a private network.

ANR
Automatic Noise Restraint

ANSI
American National Standards Institute

AoA
Angle of Arrival

APM
Advanced Power Module

APN
Access Point Name

APNSS
Analog Private Network Signaling System, an older type of private networking where the network signaling is conveyed via a modem connection.

APON
ATM PON (Passive Optical Network). This was the first Passive optical network standard. It was used primarily for business applications, and was based on ATM. See also BPON and GPON.

APP
Application

APS
Automatic Protection Switchback
ARP
Address Resolution Protocol. A method for finding a host’s Ethernet address from its Internet address. An ARP request is sent to the network naming the IP address; then the machine with that IP address returns its physical address so it can receive the transmission.

ARP proxy
A function, embedded in an Ethernet device, that answers ARP requests on behalf of other devices. Used in switching and bridging equipment to limit broadcast traffic. Using one machine to respond to ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) requests for another machine.The proxy machine routes transmission packets to the proper destination.

ARP requests
Requests, broadcasted within Ethernets in order to get MAC addresses to use for transmission towards known IP addresses.

ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interchange

ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode. A network technology that enables the transmission of data, voice, audio, video, and frame relay traffic in real time.

ATA
Advance Technology Attachement, ATA is a standard hard disk bus interface.

ATM
Asynchronous Transfer Mode

ATS
Analog Telephone Set

ATT
Attach-Detach Allowed
Backhaul
In a hierarchical telecommunications network the backhaul portion of the network comprises the intermediate links between the core network, or backbone network and the small sub-networks at the “edge” of the entire hierarchical network.

Backup Manager
A GUI client for handling backup of data in the PEM system.

BAM
Back Administration Module

Baseband Telephony
Traditional analog telephony as supplied from a local exchange. See also POTS.

BBU
Baseband Control Unit

BCCH
Broadcast Control CHannel

BEP
Bit Error Probability

BER
Bit Rate Error

Best Effort
A transport service, defined in IEEE 802.1Q and normally used for transfer of data when no special requirements to Quality of Service (QoS) are specified.

BFD
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection

BG
Border Gateway

BIU
Base station Interface Unit

BKP
Backplane Board

BLES
Broadband Loop Emulation Service. A method using ATM with AAL2 adaptation layer encapsulation, recommended by ATM Forum.

BM
Basic Module

BMACT
Basic Module Active Codec Type

BMRC
BM Resource Control

BOM
Bill Of Materials

BR
Backwards Reporting

BRA
Basic Rate Access

BRI
Basic Rate Intrerface (ISDN 2B+D)

BPON
Broadband PON is a standard based on APON. It adds support for WDM, dynamic and higher upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. It also created a standard management interface, called OMCI, between the OLT and ONU/ONT, enabling mixed-vendor networks. See also APON and GPON.

BQ
Bad quality

BRAS
Broadband Remote Access Server. A BRAS is a multi-service access node to manage IP service access for a large number of subscribers. See also VLAN.

Broadband
A transmission bandwidth higher than 2Mbps.

BSC
Base Station Controller

BSCOM
BSC O&M

BSIC
Base Station Identity Code

BSSAP
Base Station Subsystem Application Part

BSSAP+
Base Station Subsystem Application Part Plus

BSSGP
Base Station System GPRS Protocol

BTS
Base Transceiver Station

BTSCP
BTS Common Processing

BTSOM
BTS O&M

BTSTRC
BTS Transmission Resource Control

Burst Tolerance (BT)
The maximum time for which the source may transmit the PCR.

BVC
BSSGP Virtual Connection

BVCI
BSSGP Virtual Connection Identifier

Carrier Ethernet 2.0 / CE 2.0 MEF Certified
Service Providers to certify that their E-Line, E-LAN, E-Tree and/or E-Access services are compliant with the relevant MEF specifications Equipment Vendors to certify that their products support delivery of E-Line, E-LAN, E-Tree and/or E-Access services through compliance with the relevant specifications

The Carrier Ethernet 2.0 certification program is a continuation of the highly successful MEF Certification Program that began in 2005 and has resulted in over 1,000 services and devices certified as MEF 9, MEF 14 and MEF 18 compliant.

Carrier Grade
Designates highly reliable equipment intended for use in telecommunication (central office and backbone installations).

CAS
Channel Associated Signaling

CAT-iq
Cordless Advanced Technology – Internet and Quality

CB
Central Battery

CBR
Constant Bit Rate

CCM
Call Center Manager

CCS
Common Channel Signaling

ccTLD
Country Code Top Level Domain

CDN
Content Distribution Network

Cell
The unit of data, transferred as an entity through an ATM network. A cell has a fixed length of 53 bytes.

Central Office
Building with telecommunication equipment. Also referred to as CO.

CID
Cell Identity

CIL
Call Information Logging

Class 5 services
Telephony supplementary services, provided by a local exchange, as opposed to Class 4 services, provided by a PBX. Class 5 services are services like Call Hold, Call Forwarding, Call Waiting, Call Transfer, 3tpy and Conference Call.

CLIP
Calling Line Identification Presentation

CME
Configuration Management Express

CMUA
Central monitoring unit type A

CMUE
Central monitoring unit type E

CO
Central Office

CO-OAM
Co-Operation and Maintenance

CO-RNP&RNO
Co-Radio Network Planning & Radio Network Optimization

CO-RRM
Co-Radio Resource Management

CO-TRM
Co-Transmission Management

Collection Domain
The network monitored by a Collection Station. In EDA identical with the Access Domain.

Collection Station
A Collection Station (CS) is a remote point in a distributed installation of HP OpenView Network Node Manager (NNM). Multiple Collection Stations can connect to a Management Station to form an NNM distributed system. When the HP OpenView NNM is installed on a server it is configured to be either a Management Station or a Collection Station. The Collection Station software is installed on the Domain Server.

Configuration
A logical group of parameters with specific values. An operator can set a number of parameters in one operation. A Configuration can be compared to a profile or a template.

Configuration Management
Managing configuration of resources in PEM and the network elements, both in terms of viewing, setting and backing up configuration parameters. Examples are network engineering, software upgrading, managing end-users and services, backup/restore, discovery of new resources in the network and keeping an inventory list.

CPE
Customer Premises Equipment

CPRI
Common public radio interface

CS
Collection Station

CSTA
Computer Supported Telecommunication Applications

CTI
Computer Telephony Integration
DASL
Digital Adapter for Subscriber Loop, DASL is the line interface for Digital telephones.

DASS
Digital Access Signalling System

Database
The database contains all data related to the IP DSLAMs, subscribers, end-users and O&M Operators. The database is a standard SQL Sybase® database.

DBA
Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation

DC
Direct Current

DCDU
Direct current distribution unit

DCE
Data Communication Equipment

DECT
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications, see also CAT-IQ

DHCP
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is an Internet protocol for automating the configuration of computers that use TCP/IP. DHCP can be used to automatically assign IP addresses, to deliver TCP/IP stack configuration parameters such as the subnet mask and default router, and to provide other configuration information such as the addresses for printer, time and news servers.

DHCP server
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol server. A configuration server, capable of configuring hosts with a variety of information required for their operation. In EDA there is one or more DHCP servers for each Access Domain.

DID
Direct In Dialing

DIDO
Distributed In, Distributed Out

Differentiated services
A priority based approach to providing transport services with distinct QoS in packet based networks. The differentiated services approach relies on each network element to invoke the network QoS policy hop-by-hop.

DISA
Direct Inward System Access

DND
Do Not Disturb

DNIS
Dialed Number Information Service

DNS
Domain Name System

Domain Server
A Domain Server is a server computer that handles part of the network managed by PEM. The Domain Server will host an NNM Collection Station and a Domain Service (which links the application software to NNM), and probably also a DHCP Server and a Domain File Server.

Domain Service
Also referred to as PEM Domain Service has two functions: Interface between NNM and the other EDA specific elements and interface between the EDA servers and the IP DSLAMs (a protocol converter between CORBA and SNMP). There are two types of Domain Services: PEM Management Domain Service, and PEM Access Domain Service.

DoS
Denial of Service

DPNSS
Digital Private Networking Signaling System, a signaling system used between PABX’s.

DSL
Refers to Digital Subscriber Lines. DSL technologies use sophisticated modulation schemes to pack data onto copper wires.

DSLAM
Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer

DTMF
Dual Tone Multiple Frequency

DTS
Digital Telephone Set

Dual Latency
An ADSL option, enabling establishment of two separate physical channels with different characteristics on an ADSL line. The characteristics in question are bit error rate and delay, which are traded off against each other.

E1
2 Mbit/s interface (ETSI)

E-Band
“E-Band” lies in the extremely high frequency bands from 71 to 76 gigahertz (GHz), 81 to 86 GHz and 92 to 95 GHz. It is being used for short range, high bandwidth communications (see also V-Band).

E-CID
Enhanced Cell Identity

E-SMLC
Enhanced SMLC

E&M
Ear andMouth (Tie Line Signaling), line signaling for basically analog tie lines.

EAN
Ethernet Access Node

EC
European Commission

ECF
External Call Forwarding, the ability to forward incoming calls to subscribers in the PSTN.

ECMA
European Computer Manufactures Association

ECN
Ethernet Controller Node

EDA
Official product name for the EDA product.

EDA Core System
Mandatory parts of an EDA access system.

EDN
Ethernet DSL Node comprises EDN110 and EDN312.

ESPA
European Selective Paging manufacturing Association

EDF
Ethernet DSL Filter

Edge Node
The node that connects the switched Ethernet of the EDA with the backbone network (can be either data network or telephony network).

EMC
Electromagnetic compatibility

EMP
Ethernet DSL Node

EMUA
Environment monitoring unit type A

End-user
An end-user is a consumer of services in the access network. The end-user is physically connected to the network and is uniquely identified in PEM. Services are given to and removed from end-users.

Engineering
Engineering is typically also referred to as Network Engineering. The work prior to the network goes into operation. (Engineering is not part of FCAPS). Engineering includes: Network planning, (IP addresses, usage and location of Domain Servers), installation of equipment (switches, IP DSLAMs, servers), initial configuration of equipment (assigning IP addresses, subnet, defining management VLAN), “loading” equipment into the management system.

EoSDH
Ethernet over SDH

EPL
Ethernet Private Line

EPN
Ethernet Power Node

EPS
Embedded power system

EPU
Enhanced Packet forward Unit

Erlang
Erlang is a unit of measurement for telephony traffic. One Erlang corresponds to one telephony connection.

Ethernet Access Node
The EAN is a logical node built on the ECN320 switch with built-in EMP function.

Ethernet Power Node
Power supply for Power over Ethernet (PoE) devices comprises EPN124 and EPN102.

ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute

EURid
European Registry for Internet Domains

EVPL
Ethernet Virtual Private Line

EXN
Ethernet Converter Node
FM
Fault Management (FM) covers the area of viewing and handling alarms coming from the PEM or the managed network. Also logging, filtering and correlating alarms are handled within this functional area.

FCAPS
The term covers different functional areas within the discipline of network management.

FCC
Federal Communications Commission of the United States

FDD
Frequency Division Duplex

FDDI
Fiber Distributed Data Interface

FDMA
Frequency Division, Multiple Access

FE-E1
Fast Ethernet to E1 converter used for small sites in for example a back-to-back transmission solution.

FOSS
Free and Open Source Software

Frame
The unit of data, transferred as an entity through an Ethernet.

FRL/TCM
Facility Restriction Level / Traveling Class Mark, also referred to as Trunk Call Barring, the FRL/TCM enables selective restriction of outgoing traffic according to each users FRL/TCM value.

FTTB
Fiber-to-the-Business

FTTC
Fiber-to-the-Curb

FTTH
Fibre-to-the-Home

FTTx
Fibre-to-the-X

FTP
File Transfer Protocol

FXS
Foreign Exchange Station
G.711
The voice codec standard normally used for telephony in digital exchange equipment within the switched circuit network.

GAD
Geographical Area Description

GB
Gigabyte

Gbps
Gigabit per second

GIS
Global Information System

GMLC
Gateway Mobile Location Center

GNSS
Global Navigation Satellite System

GPON
Gigabit PON) is an evolution of the BPON standard. It supports higher rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer 2 protocol (ATM, GEM, Ethernet). See also APON and BPON.

GPS
Global Positioning System

GSM
Global System for Mobile Communications

GSMA
Global Systems for Mobile Communications Association

GSR
Global Symposium for Regulators
H.323
A suite of protocols, standardized by ITU for use in multimedia applications, for example Voice over IP (VoIP)

HAU
Heater assembly unit

HD
High Bandwidth

HPMI
Hert Power Monitoring Interface unit

HPOV
Hewlett Packard Open View – a term for packages used for viewing networks.

HTTP
Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

HUt
High Unit
IaaS
Infrastructure-as-a-Service

IAD
Integrated Access Device – a generic term for various customer equipment.

IBBS
Integrated Backup Battery System

IC4D
Information and Communications for Development

ICT
Information and Communication Technology

IDA
Infocomm Development Authority of Singapore

IDB
Inter-American Development Bank

IDN
International Domain Name

IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

IETF
Internet Engineering Task Force

In-band Telephony
Means that the ADSL/IP also has voice (Voice over IP) transmission within the ADSL/IP signal. This is called Telephony over IP. See also Baseband.

Installation Manager
The Installation Manager is a client of the Installation Server, and is installed on the Management Center. The Installation Manager is aimed at the Access Provider.

Installation Server
This server interfaces between the EDA GUI’s, Database, IP DSLAM (through the PEM Domain Service) and NNM.

Interacting Function
Protocol converter function, embedded in gateways and IADs.

I/O
Input/Output

IMSO
International Mobile Satellite Organization

IP
Internet Protocol

IP DSLAM
The cornerstone in the EDA solution a small, compact DSLAM (EDN108 and EDN110).

IP DSLAM port
A single DSL interface in the IP DSLAM (EDN108 and EDN110).

IP MSAN
IP Multi-Service Access Node

IP/MPLS
Internet Protocol / Multi-protocol Label Switching

IPTV
Internet Protocol Television

ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network

ISO
International Standardization Organization

ISOC
Internet Society

IT
Information Technology

ITSO
International Telecommunications Satellite Organization

ITU
International Telecommunication Union

ITU – R
International Telecommunication Union Radio communication Sector

IXP
Internet Exchange Point
LAN
Local Area Network

LATA
Local Access and Transport Area

Latency
The amount of time it takes a packet to get to its destination.

LBS
Location-Based Service

LCS
Location Services

LCS-AP
LCS Application Protocol

LED
Light Emitting Diode

Link Aggregation
Grouping parallel Ethernet links into a single logical link. Defined in IEEE 802.1 ad.

LMT
Local maintenance terminal

LNR
Last Number Redial

Load Sharing
A feature of Link Aggregation, distributing the load over the grouped links.

Local loop
The physical line traditionally used for POTS telephony, that is, the copper connecting subscribers to the central office installation.

LPP
LTE Positioning Protocol

LPPa
LPP Annex

LSA-PLUS 8/10
Notation of connector from KRONE. Available as LSA-PLUS 8 and LSA-PLUS 10 for mounitng on a Back-Mount frame.

LSA-Profile 8/10
Notation of connector from KRONE. Available as LSA-Profile 8 and LSA-Profile 10 for mounting on a Profile Rod or a Backmount frame.

LSA Filter
Compact POTS filter in a similar mechanical design as the IP DSLAM.

LTE
LTE, or Long Term Evolution, is the global standard for the fourth generation of mobile networks (4G) supported by all major players in the industry. LTE offers the capacity and the speed to handle a rapid increase in data traffic with close to 5 billion mobile broadband subscriptions in 2016.
M2M
Machine to Machine

MAC
Media Access Control

MAC address
Media Access Control address. The physical address of a device connected to a network, expressed as a 6 byte hexadecimal number.

Management Center
Work Station (PC) used for running manager applications.

Management Domain
The network managed by a Management Station (also through Collection Stations).

Management Server
The core of the PEM, which contains the database, PEM application servers and HPOV Management Station.

Management Station
A Management Station is the central point in a distributed installation of HP OpenView NNM to which multiple Collection Stations can connect. When the NNM is installed on a server it is configured to be either a Management Station or a Collection Station.

MB
Megabyte

Mbps
Megabit per second

MBS
Maximum Burst Size is the maximum number of cells for which the source may transmit the Peak Cell Rate.

MDF
Main Distribution Frame

MDM
Main Distribution Module

MDT
Minimization of Drive Tests

MEF
The MEF, as the defining body for Carrier Ethernet is a global industry alliance comprising more than 200 organizations including telecommunications service providers, cable MSOs, network equipment/software manufacturers, semiconductors vendors and testing organizations.

MER
MAC Encapsulation Routing

MHz
Megahertz

MIMO
Multiple In, Multiple Out

MME
Mobility Management Entity

MMl
Man Machine Language, industry standard command line language used to manage telecommunications network elements.

MMS
Multimidia Messaging Service

MSAN
Multi-Service Access Node

MSR
Multi-Standard Radio

MTBF
Mean operation Time Between Failures

Multimode DSL
One line card provides both VDSL2 and ADSL/ADSL2/ADSL2+ configurable per line

MW
Message Waiting

NAPT
Network Address and Port Translation

NAT
Network Address Translation. A method that allows a multiple number of computers within a local network to connect to the Internet though one IP address.Network Address Translation can also act as a firewall by preventing outside computers from connecting with the local network, unless it is a connection initiated from within the local network.
NBN
National Broadband Network

NENA
National Emergency Number Association (US)

NCM
The Network Configuration Manager is a GUI used for management of IP DSLAMs and their related servers (Domain File Server and DHCP Server). The Network Configuration Manager is a client of the Network Configuration Server, aimed at the Access Provider.

NCS
Network Configuration Server, this server interfaces between the GUI’s, database, IP DSLAMs (through the PEM Domain Service) and NNM

NGA
Next-Generation Access

NGN
Next-Generation Networks

NO
A Network Operator is an individual working in the Access Provider organization. The Network Operators are responsible for managing and maintaining the access network, for example installation of new equipment and alarm monitoring.

NMS
Short for Network Management System. An overlaying management system that can interact with the PEM through the North bound interface.

NNM
Short for Network Node Manager, an HPOV package for viewing a network topology, managing fault and performance data. Available as a collection station (CS) or Management Station (MS).

NRT-VBR
Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
O&M
Operation and maintenance

OLT
Optical Line Terminal

OMC
Operation and maintenance center

Operation Center
Center where Operation and Maintenance takes place.

Operator
An Operator is a person or an IT system that can access the PEM system. An Operator can log in to PEM and execute actions according to the security profile defined for the Operator. Operator roles can be: Network Operator; Service Operator; Subscriber Operator.

OSI
Open Systems Interconnection

OSS
Operations Support System

OTDOA
Observed Time Difference of Arrival

OVP
Over Voltage Protection

PA
Power amplifier

PABX
Private Automatic Branch Exchange (see also PBX)

Packet
A format in which data is transmitted over an IP network A packet contains the data itself as well as addresses, error checking, and other information necessary to ensure the packet arrives intact at its intended destination.

PC
Personal Computer

PDA
Personal Digital Assistant

PBX
Private Branch Exchange (see also PABX)

Peak Cell Rate (PCR)
The Peak Cell Rate is an ATM term which defines the maximum bit rate that may be transmitted from the source. In EDA it is the maximum capacity which the PVC is permitted to use.

PCM
Pulse Code Modulation

PEM
Public Ethernet Manager. PEM is the management system solution for the EDA.

PEM Access Domain Service
PEM Access Domain Service is the PEM Domain Service installed on a Domain server.

PEM Application
All PEM specific SW developed by Ericsson.

PEM Domain Service
See Domain Service.

PEM Management Domain Service
PEM Management Domain Service is the PEM Domain Service installed on a Management server.

PIN
Personal Identification Number

PLMN
Public Land Mobile Network

PM
Performance Management (PM) is the area of tracking the usage of resources in the network, typically communication links. Often the objective is to support the capacity planning process and find bottlenecks in the system. Data can be collected and stored, and an Operator can extract the data and view them.

PMU
Power monitoring unit

PoE
Power over Ethernet

PON
Passive optical network. See also APON, BPON and GPON.

PoP
Point of Presence which means the place where the Service Provider is present.

POTS
Plain Old Telephone Service.The standard analog telephone service.

Power over Ethernet
Power supplying devices through category 5, 6 and 7 LAN cables.

PPP
Point to Point Protocol. A protocol for communication between computers using
TCP/IP.

PPPoE
Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet. A small protocol for using PPP over Ethernet networks.

PQ
Priority Queue

PRA
Primary Rate Access

PRI
Primary Rate Interface

PSAP
Public Safety Answering Point

PSTN
Public Switched Telephony Network

PSU
Power supply unit

PTM
Packet Transfer Mode

Public Ethernet Access
Common term for EDA, FEA, TAG and PEM solutions.

PVC
Permanent Virtual Circuit/Channel. A point-to-point connection in the ATM layer.
QoS
Quality of Service.

QRG
Quick Reference Guide

QSIG
ISDN signaling over the Q-reference point
Retailer
A place where a subscriber can buy for example an ADSL solution.

RADIUS (RFC2138)
Remote Authentication Dial In User Service. An authentication and accounting system used by many ISPs.

Rain Fade
Rain fade refers primarily to the absorption of a microwave radio frequency (RF) signal by atmospheric rain, snow or ice, and losses are especially prevalent at frequencies above 11 Ghz. It also refers to the degradation of a signal caused by the electromagnetic interference of the leading edge of a storm front. Rain fade can be caused by precipitation at the uplink or downlink location. However, it does not need to be raining at a location for it to be affected by rain fade, as the signal may pass through precipitation many miles away, especially if the satellite dish has a low look angle. From 5 to 20 percent of rain fade or satellite signal attenuation may also be caused by rain, snow or ice on the uplink or downlink antenna reflector, radome or feed horn.

RAN
Radio-Access Network

RAT
Radio-Access Technology

RF
Radio Frequency

RFC
Radio frequency cabinet

RFU
Radio frequency unit

RRU
Remote radio unit

RSS
Remote Sub System

RSS filter
Compact clip-on POTS filter for the Ericsson

RSTD
Reference Signal Time Difference

RTCP
Real-time Transport Control Protocal

RTP
Real Time Protocol

RT-VBR
Real-Time Variable Bit Rate
SaaS
Software-as-a-Service

SARI
Secondary Access Right Identity (DECT)

SCM
The Service Configuration Manager is a GUI used for handling end-users and their IP services. The Service Configuration Manager is a client application of the Subscriber server.

SCSI
Small Computer System Interface

SDH
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy is the
physical layer in the ATM network.

SDP
Session Description Protocol

SDR
Software-defined radio

SELT
Single Ended Line Test

Security Manager
GUI used for PEM user’s management.

Security Server
The Security Server interfaces between the Security Manager and the database.

Server
The term Server in the PEM can be either a robust computer with high specifications (as opposed to a workstation) or a SW application.

Service Broker
The Service Broker is the organizational entity supporting the access network with specific services, such as Internet or Video.

Service Configuration
A Service Configuration is a setting of parameters defining a service to be offered through the access network.

SIM
Subscriber Identity Module

SIP
Session Initiation Protocol

SLPU
Signal Lightning Protection Unit

SME
Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise

SMS
Short Message Service

SOp
A Service Operator is an individual working in the Access Provider organization. The Service Operators are responsible for service and Service Broker related issues within the Access Provider organization.

SP
A Service Provider – provider of services also called content provider, for example Internet access service, contend services or firewall services. Service provider equipment may be located anywhere in the network.

SPI
Serial Peripheral Interface

SLP
SUPL Location Platform

SIMO
Single Input, Multiple Output

SMLC
Serving Mobile Location Center

SNMP
Short for Simple Network Management Protocol, a set of protocols for managing networks.

SMS
Short Message Service, a text message that can be send in a GSM or DECT network.

SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol

So
ISDN terminal interface

Spanning Tree
A protocol specified in IEEE 802.1Q, allowing links to be physically available but unused, until another link breaks. Spanning Tree creates a tree structure without loops and changes this structure in case of failure.

SRS
Sounding Reference Signal

SSID
Subscriber Set Identifier

SW
Software

Status Manager
A GUI client shows the line status of the IP DSLAM (8 or 10 lines) and the FE-E1 converter (4 lines).

Subscriber Operator
A Subscriber Operator is an individual working in the Service Broker organization. The Subscriber Operators are responsible for handling service related issues for subscribers and end-users within the Service Broker organization.

Subscriber Server
This server interfaces between the GUI’s, 112 1/1551-HSC 901 35/3 Uen C 2005-12-02 database, IP-DSLAMs (through the PEM Domain Service) and NNM.

SUPL
Secure User Plane Location

Sustainable Cell Rate (SCR)
The upper limit for the average cell rate that may be transmitted in the PVC.
T1
1.5Mbit/s interface (ANSI)

TAG
Telephony Access Gateway

TAPI
Telephone Application Programming Interface

TASIM
Trans-Eurasian Information Super Highway Project

TCD
Trunk Call Discrimination

TCO
Total cost of ownership

TCE
Thermoelectric cooling unit

TCP
Transmission Control Protocol

TCP/IP
Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol

TDD
Time Division Duplex

TDM
Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a type of digital (or rarely analog) multiplexing in which two or more bit streams or signals are transferred appearing simultaneously as sub-channels in one communication channel, but are physically taking turns on the channel.

TDMA
Time division multiple access (TDMA) is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into different time slots. TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing (see also above), with the special point that instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver, there are multiple transmitters.

TDOA
Time Difference of Arrival

TFTP
Trivial File Transfer Protocol

Time Synchronization Server
The Time Synchronization Server is used for setting the real time in the system elements. The real time is used for making the time stamps in log files and alarms, and in the IP DSLAM also for the Remote Storage. The Server is optional in the Domain Server, but there must be a Time Synchronization Server present in the system

TKIP
Temporal Key Integrity Protocol

TLD
Top-Level Domain

TMC
Transport Management Cabinet

TMT
Technology, Media, Telecommunications

ToA
Time of Arrival

ToIP
Telephony over IP

Transport service
A service, accessible for the users of a network, providing consistent and well defined transmission conditions in terms of for example throughput, packet loss and delay.
UAS
Universal Access and Service

UBR
Unspecified Bit Rate

UE
User Equipment

UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Unbundling
The process of enabling competitive carrier access to the local loop in order to liberalize the telecommunications market.

URL
Uniform Resource Locator

USB
Universal Serial Bus

UTDOA
Uplink Time Difference of Arrival

UUI
User to User Information
V5.2 multilink
V5.2, including the option of supporting more than a single E1 system V5.2 A standard for Local Exchange and Network Access Node interconnection, using dynamic allocation of E1 time slots as voice bearer media

V-Band
The V band (vee-band) of the electromagnetic spectrum ranges from 50 to 75 GHz. The V band is not heavily used. The V band is also used for high capacity terrestrial millimeter wave communications systems. All communications links in the V band require unobstructed line of sight between the transmit and receive point, and rain fade must be taken into account when performing link budget analysis.

VDSL
Very High Bit Digital Subscriber Line

VDSL2
Very High Bit Digital Subscriber Line 2 Plus

VLAN
Virtual LAN. A method used to separate and group traffic within a physical LAN.

VLAN ID
A numerical value identifying a certain VLAN.

VM
Voice Mail

VoBB
Voice over Broadband

VoGW
Voice Gateway

VoIP
Voice over IP

VPN
Virtual Private Network. Secure communication between multiple networks or network devices using insecure public networks, such as the Internet.

VSAT
Very Small Aperture Terminal
WAN
Wide Area Network

WAP
Wireless Application Protocol

W-CDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WEP
Wired Equivalent Privacy

WFQ
Weighted Fair Queuing

Wi-Fi Certified
The Wi-Fi Alliance is a global non-profit industry association of hundreds of leading companies devoted to seamless connectivity. With technology development, market building, and regulatory programs, the Wi-Fi Alliance has enabled widespread adoption of Wi-Fi worldwide.

WLAN
Wireless LAN (Local Area Network)

WPS
Wi-Fi Protected Setup

WRC
World Radio Communication Conference

WSIS
World Summit on the Information Society

WTIM
World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Meeting